Seamless Host Migration Based on NAT Type

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods of the present invention for maintaining network data distribution are provided. Network data may be distributed in such as manner as to allow a network session to weather interrupted communications between host and clients without significant loss of data. Embodiments of the present invention provide for one or more clients to serve as backup host(s) for the network session, such determinations including the use of NAT profile information. When the other clients transmit data to the host, they may also transmit the data to one or more backup hosts if there are any indications of interrupted communication.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part and claims the prioritybenefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/049,954 filed Mar. 17,2008 and entitled “Systems and Methods for Seamless Host Migration,”which claims the priority benefit of U.S. provisional patent applicationNo. 60/997,918 filed Oct. 5, 2007 and entitled “Systems and Methods forSeamless Host Migration,” the disclosure of which is incorporated hereinby reference.

The present application is related to the following commonly ownedpatent applications: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/211,128 filedJul. 31, 2002 and entitled “Dynamic Player Management”; U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 10/359,359 filed Feb. 4, 2003 and entitled“Multi-User Application Program Interface”; and U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/______ filed Sep. 22, 2008 and entitled “Method for HostSelection Based on Discovered NAT Type.” The present application is alsorelated to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/243,853 filed Oct. 4,2005 and entitled “Peer-to-Peer Communication Traversing SymmetricNetwork Address Translators.” The disclosure of each of theaforementioned applications is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to networks. More specifically,the present invention relates to data distribution in networks and theuse of Network Address Translation (NAT).

2. Description of Related Art

A network may include a group of computing devices connected together bya communications system. A computer in the network may communicate,exchange data, and share resources with the other computers in thenetwork. Examples of networks include a personal area network (PAN),local area network (LAN), and wide area network (WAN).

Various network configurations are known in the art. The traditionalclient-server network illustrated in FIG. 1A includes a host 110connected to clients 120A-D. The host 110 establishes the networksession 130, controls which and how many clients may join the networksession 130 and how the clients 120A-D interact with each other oncethey have joined network session 130. Because the host 110 generally haslarge amounts of bandwidth and processing power, the host 110 is may becapable of managing and distributing data to and from all the clients120A-D in the network session 130. In such a configuration, data from aparticular client (e.g., client 120D) may be distributed to otherclients (e.g., clients 120A-C) through the host 110. For example, client120D may transmit data to the host 110. When another client, such asclient 120A, requests that data, the host 110 transmits that data toclient 120A.

By virtue of being connected to the host, a client may request only thedata that the client needs (via the host) so that the client does nothave to manage otherwise unneeded data. Such an arrangement may becommon amongst clients that do not have the ability to effectivelymanage all the data exchanged within a network session. These clientsmay require a host to manage and distribute the data.

A disadvantage of having the host manage and distribute data in anetwork session is that data can be lost when there are connectivityissues affecting communications between the host and any one of thesession clients. In such an instance, the data from a particular clientcannot be transmitted to the host. That data would also be unavailableto the other clients in the network. For example, client 120D maysuddenly become disconnected from the host 110. Information that client120D would have sent to the host 110 never reaches the host 110 and, asa consequence, the information cannot be transmitted to the rest of thenetwork (i.e., clients 120A-C). The missing information may cause adisruption to the network session 130, possibly affecting the operationsof the other clients. This may be especially true in the context ofinteractive network game play.

A further problem may arise with respect to network address translation(NAT) when trying to establish communication amongst clients throughpeer-to-peer communication (P2P). P2P communication generally refers todirect communication between client devices connected to a network.Examples of P2P applications include, but are not limited to, voice overInternet protocol (VoIP), bit torrent transmission, video transmission,file sharing, data sharing, and other types of direct data transferbetween clients that does not exceed the bandwidth capabilities of anindividual client.

Utilizing the NAT protocol, multiple nodes or computing devices mayshare a single Internet or local network Internet Protocol (IP) address.In one example, a local area network may use a public, global addressfor external network traffic and a (or set of) private IP address(es)for internal network traffic. Most clients in a network are connected toa central server, which is situated behind a NAT firewall (hereinafterreferred to as a NAT). Four types of NAT are generally known in the art:full cone, restricted cone, port restricted, and symmetric.

A full cone NAT takes all requests from the same internal IP address andport and maps them to the same external IP address and port. Anyexternal host can send a packet to the internal host by sending a packetto the mapped external address. In a restricted cone NAT, all requestsfrom the same internal IP address and port are likewise mapped to thesame external IP address and port. Unlike a full cone NAT, however, anexternal host (with IP address X) can send a packet to the internal hostonly if the internal host had previously sent a packet to IP address X.

A port restricted NAT is like a restricted cone NAT but the restrictionincludes port numbers. Specifically, an external host can send a packetwith source IP address X and source port P to the internal host only ifthe internal host had previously sent a packet from IP address X andport P. In the final example—a symmetric NAT—all requests from the sameinternal IP address and port, to a specific destination IP address andport, are mapped to the same external IP address and port. If the samehost sends a packet with the same source address and port, but to adifferent destination, a different mapping is used. Furthermore, onlythe external host that receives a packet can send a user data protocol(UDP) packet back to the internal host.

There is, therefore, a need in the art for improved systems and methodsfor network data distribution that addresses problems related to networksession connectivity and maintaining an uninterrupted exchange of datain the session. In this context, it is desirable for a host in a P2Pnetwork to have a favorable NAT profile in order to create an optimalP2P network. There is, therefore, a further need in the art fordetermining a host with a favorable NAT profile amongst several clientsconnected to a central server.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Systems and methods of the present invention provide for maintainingnetwork data distribution that would allow a network session to weatherinterrupted communication between a host and clients without any loss ofdata. Host functions migrate to a client seamlessly and withoutsignificant loss of data. Embodiments of the present invention providefor one or more clients to serve as a backup host for the networksession. When the other clients transmit data to the host, they may alsotransmit the data to one or more backup hosts. For example, a clientthat sends data to the host may not receive acknowledgement of the datawithin a certain period of time. That client may re-transmit the data tothe host, as well as transmit the data to the backup host. Determining abackup host may be based on (NAT) profile information shared between thehost and clients upon establishment of the connections between the hostand the plurality of clients

Various embodiments of the present invention include methods for networkdata distribution. Such methods include connecting a host to clients,determining whether a client is capable of serving as a backup host, andif so, transmitting to that client certain information that would allowthe client serve as the backup host. This determination may utilize NATprofile information. Serving as the backup hosts includes receivinginformation from other clients when those other clients cannotcommunicate with the host. In some embodiments of the present invention,the method further provides for indicating that communications between ahost and a client are interrupted and for terminating the connectionbetween the host and the particular client.

Various embodiments of the present invention include systems for networkdata distribution. Such systems may include a host, a first clientcapable of serving as a backup host, and a second client capable oftransmitting data to the first client when communications between thehost and the second client is interrupted. In some embodiments of thepresent invention, the second client may also serve as a backup host.Some embodiments of the present invention may include a plurality ofclients, each configured to serve as backup hosts. NAT profileinformation may be utilized in determinations as to backup hostviability.

A host system for use in network distribution systems may also beprovided by embodiments of the present invention. Such host systems mayinclude an acknowledgement module to acknowledge client communicationsupon receipt, a negotiation module to negotiate whether a particularclient is capable of serving as a backup host, and a backup applicationmodule to deliver to the client an application providing hostinformation. Some embodiments of the present invention further include ahost information database and a timer. NAT profile information may becollected, analyzed, and utilized in determining backup host viability.

Some embodiments of the present invention include computer storage mediaand instructions for network data distribution. Such instructions mayprovide for connecting a host to clients, negotiating with a clientcapable of serving as a backup host through the use of NAT profileinformation, and transmitting host information to the client so that itmay begin serving as a backup host.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1A illustrates a client-server network configuration as it is knownin the art.

FIG. 1B illustrates an exemplary system for network data distributionwith one backup host.

FIG. 1C illustrates an exemplary system for network data distributionwith several backup hosts.

FIG. 1D illustrates an exemplary system for network data distributionutilizing a NAT.

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary configuration for a computing deviceoffering seamless host migration in a network data distribution system.

FIG. 3A illustrates an implementation of an exemplary system for networkdata distribution, which may include a network address translator.

FIG. 3B illustrates an alternate implementation of an exemplary systemfor network data distribution, which may include a network addresstranslator.

FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary method for network data distribution, whichmay include the use of NAT profile information.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention includes systems and methods for network datadistribution. Embodiments of the present invention may allow hostmigration to occur seamlessly. A network session may continue withoutsignificant loss of data in the event of interrupted communicationbetween a host and a client. A host of a network session may beconnected to a number of clients. One (or more) of these clients may becapable of serving as a backup host. Backup viability is negotiated witha client and host information is transmitted to the client, which maythen act as a backup host. The backup host may then connect to andreceive data from the other clients in the network session. Thereafter,if communication between the host and a particular client isinterrupted, that particular client may transmit its data to the backuphost allowing the network session to continue without any loss of data.

The elements identified throughout are exemplary and may include variousalternatives, equivalents, or derivations thereof. Various combinationsof hardware, software, and computer-executable instructions may beutilized. Program modules and engines may include routines, programs,objects, components, and data structures that effectuate the performanceof particular tasks when executed by a processor, which may be generalpurpose or application specific. Computer-executable instructions andassociated data structures stored in a computer-readable mediumrepresent examples of programming means for executing the steps of themethods and/or implementing particular system configurations disclosedherein.

In the client-server network configuration illustrated in FIG. 1A and asdiscussed in detail above, each client does not have to process all thedata in a network session. Instead, each client receives and processesonly the data that is necessary for the client to participate in thenetwork session. Some clients are not capable of managing all the dataefficiently due to, for example, lack of bandwidth or lack of processingpower. Some clients, however, do have the ability to manage all the datain a network session. These particular clients may act as backup hosts,storing some or all of the data from the network session.

In contrast to the system configuration of FIG. 1A, FIG. 1B illustratesan exemplary system for network data distribution with one backup host,client 160A. A backup host may be any client capable of performing someor all of the functions of a host of a network session. When the host140 of the network session 150 cannot or does not perform, some or allof the hosting responsibilities may migrate to a backup host. To qualifyas a backup host requires the candidate host (client) to exhibit backupviability. Exhibiting backup viability may involve meeting one or morerequirements concerning, for example, bandwidth, processing power,memory, hardware or software configurations, or quality of service. Aclient's backup viability may be determined through negotiation with thehost.

After completing negotiations concerning and confirming backupviability, host information may be transmitted between host 140 andclient 160A through network session 150. The host information mayinclude the network name, the internet protocol (IP) addresses of theclients in the network, firewall information, and information concerningspecific responsibilities should client 160A need to takeover certainhost responsibilities. Using the host information, client 160A may beable to act as a backup host in the event that one or more connectionsbetween the host 140 and the other clients 160B-D become interrupted.For example, if client 160B becomes disconnected from host 140, client160B may transfer data to client 160A as will be illustrated in thecontext of FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B. By migrating host responsibilities fromhost 140 to client 160A, information from client 160B is not completelylost to the network session 150.

In some embodiments, more than one client may be capable of serving asbackup hosts. FIG. 1C illustrates an exemplary system for network datadistribution with several backup hosts-clients 190A-D. Each client inthe network session 180 of FIG. 1C may be responsible for particularbackup host responsibilities should original host 170 becomeunavailable. For example, client 190A may be responsible forscorekeeping while client 190B may be responsible for state changes inthe game environment. Client 190C may be responsible for admissionscriteria (e.g., who may participate in the game) whereas client 190D maybe responsible for chat functionality. Alternatively, client 190A may beresponsible for all of the aforementioned tasks and clients 190B-D takeover those tasks should client 190A subsequently fail.

FIG. 1D illustrates an exemplary system for network data distributionutilizing a NAT. Client devices 195A, 195B, 197, and 195D on the networkare initially connected to server 191 in an external network 199. Server191 may monitor data for game play between clients 195A, 195B, 197, and195D connected to the external network 199.

Clients 195A, 195B, 197, and 195D may be situated behind correspondingnetwork address translators (NAT) 192A, 192B, 192C, and 192D. Each NATmay be configured according to an Internet standard that enables a localarea network (LAN) to use one set of private IP addresses for internaltraffic and a second set of global IP addresses for external traffic.Most NATs perform dynamic translation on IP addresses such that externalnetworks have no way of reaching the internal network prior to theinternal network initiating communication. Because clients 195A, 195B,197, and 195D establish server-client relationships, however,communication between the server 191 and clients 195A, 195B, 197, and195D is not limited by the NATs 192A, 192B, 192C, and 192D.

In establishing a P2P network in which clients can communicate directlywith each other, one client may be established as a host 197 by whichother peers 195 (clients connected to the P2P network who are not thehost) may establish direct connections with each other. Peers 195 may beconnected in a configuration known as a fully connected grid (FCG). Sucha configuration may prevent any one peer from being a bottle neck. Host197 may be determined based on the NAT profile of each client. The NATs192A, 192B, 192C, and 192D may be of one of four different NATconfigurations referenced above (Full Cone, Restricted Cone NAT, PortRestricted Cone, and Symmetric).

Traversal of full cone, restricted cone and port restricted cone NATs isgenerally more complicated than traversing symmetric NATs. NAT traversalmay be implemented if a client is behind a symmetric NAT as is describedin U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/243,853, the disclosure of whichhas been previously incorporated. In particular, the client may performa port prediction involving construction of a list of predictedtransport addresses on the NAT behind which the client is situated. Theclient may then send an INVITE message containing the list of predictedtransport addresses from the first node to a second client. The clientbehind the symmetric NAT may then perform a connectivity check with thesecond node using the predicted transport addresses. Connectivity checksmay be performed by sending Simple Traversal of UDP through NAT (STUN)requests to each predicted transport address in parallel. When theclient behind the symmetric NAT receives the requests, the client sendsa STUN response to the second client. If the second client receives theSTUN response, it can then begin to send information to that address.

There may be NAT types other than the four described above. In somecases it may be possible to traverse NATs using standard techniques. Inother instances, NAT behavior may be so unpredictable or unstable thatcommunication with a client behind such a NAT is unreliable. Because theduty of the host 107 is to communicate information between other peers195A, 195B, and 195D, it is important that the host 197 be behind a NATof a type that does not interfere with its ability to communicate. Inthose instances where the peers 195A, 195B, 195D and the host 197 are ina fully connected grid (FCG), it may be particularly desirable to use ahost behind a NAT that does not interfere with its ability tocommunicate. This allows for providing the highest level of service tothe greatest number of peers.

By selecting a host 197 with the most favorable NAT profile, morereliable P2P communication may be obtained. Once the host 197 has beenestablished, peers 195 can communicate with each other by initiallytransmitting information to the host 197, which then relays thatinformation to the respective recipient peer 195. Clients may alsotransmit information directly after using host 197 to establish a directcommunication path.

In certain embodiments, clients 195A, 195B, 195D, and 197 may obtain NATprofile information through a STUN server 193 that is associated withthe external network 199. STUN server 193 utilizes a lightweightprotocol that allows an IP enabled client to discover the presence andtypes of NAT behind which the client is situated. STUN server 193 workswith most NAT types and does not depend on any special behavior of theNAT. STUN server 193, in one respect, acts like a mirror held up to aclient 195A so that the client 195A can see how its local transportaddress gets mapped to a public transport address. The client 195A canalso determine the type of the NAT 192A behind which the client 195A issituated through communication with the STUN server 193.

Each client 195A, 195B, 197, 195D may use a STUN server 193 to obtainNAT profile information, which it may then relay to the central server191 in order for the central server 191 to determine which client wouldmake the most favorable host 197. Likewise, a client 195A, 195B, 197,195D may use a STUN server 193 to obtain NAT profile information thatmay then be relayed to all other clients 195 attempting to communicatethrough the P2P network in order for the clients 195A, 195B, 197, 195Dto best determine the host 197.

Each client connected to the server 191 may collect its own NAT profileinformation for use within the P2P network. This profile information mayinclude information regarding the NAT type behind which the client issituated, information regarding whether the NAT supports universal plugand play (UPnP), information regarding whether the NAT exhibits portpreservation, and information regarding whether the NAT supports portpredictability.

Port preservation, as used in the context of the present applications,means that once an internal IP address is mapped to a particularexternal port that it will be consistently mapped to that particularport. Similarly, port predictability means that it is possible topredict the external port to which an internal IP address will be mappedeven if it is not always the same port. For example, the external portnumber may be consistently incremented with each attempted mapping ofthe internal IP address.

The NAT profile information for each client may be used to create apriority list amongst all the clients connected to the server in orderto best select the host for P2P communication. If there is a tie inpriority between potential hosts, ordinal numbers may be assigned todetermine which potential host is selected as the actual host. In someembodiments, such ordinal numbers may be assigned by a server in theorder in which the clients connected to the server. Alternatively, adistributed arbitration algorithm may be used to select a host fromamongst two or more equally suitable potential hosts. If the initialhost decides to leave the P2P network or is somehow disconnected fromthe network, this information may be used to select the next host forthe P2P network in order to seamlessly maintain network connectivity.

Once profile information has been collected by a given client, the NATprofile for that client is shared with other clients that are connectedto the server. Distribution may occur through peer-to-peer distributionor from the client to the server to the remaining clients. A server maydistribute profile information through a dedicated network connection.Once all NAT profiles have been submitted by the clients, adetermination is made as to whether a particular client should be ahost, peer, or if they fail to meet the requirements for networkinteraction as a whole. This determination may be made based on theprofile information obtained for each client described above.

For example, by assigning a priority based on a number of factors, ahost can be selected from amongst the available clients based on theclient having the most favorable profile. The rest of the clients may beassigned as peers or may fail to be recognized as a peer or host basedon their profile information. For example, a client behind anon-traversable NAT may not meet the requirements necessary to connectto the network as a peer or host.

An exemplary prioritization scheme may break clients down into fiveseparate distinctions: Active, Likely, Unknown, In Progress, andInactive. An active tag indicates that a client is a very good candidatefor host. A likely tag indicates that a client is a good candidate forhost but priority is still given to a client with an active tag. Anunknown tag indicates that the network is unable to decide whether thatparticular client is a good candidate for host. An in progress tagindicates that the network is still deciding whether the client is agood candidate for host. Lastly, an inactive tag indicates that a clientis unable to assume the duties of a host.

Priority tags may be based on four exemplary criteria: NAT type,universal plug and play (UPnP) capability, port preservation, and portpredictability. Several other factors may also be used in determiningpriority. These factors may fall under a client's quality of serviceprofile and may include QoS information including but not limited toping time, bandwidth behavior, geography, latency, and IP provider.

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary configuration 200 for a computing deviceoffering seamless host migration in a network data distribution system.The host 200, which may act as a central communications hub in anetwork, may be a computing device such as a server. A computing devicetypically reserved for client operations may also exhibit some or all ofthe configurations of host 200 due to the fact that a client may, atsome point, become a backup host. Host 200 may include a networkinterface 210, acknowledgement module 220, negotiation module 230, hostinformation database 240, backup application module 250, polling module260, timer 270, and NAT module 280.

A module (or application), as referenced in the present invention, is acollection of routines that perform various system-level functions. Amodule may be dynamically loaded and unloaded (e.g., executed) byhardware (such as processing devices) and device drivers as required.The modular software components described herein may also beincorporated as part of a larger software platform or integrated as partof an application specific component.

Network interface 210 may be any of a variety of hardware and/orsoftware components configured to allow for communication between thehost and other computing devices in the network. Network interface 210may include components for communicating over wired, wireless, and/orInternet-based communications networks.

Acknowledgement module 220 allows for verification that informationtransmitted by a client was received by the host 200. When host 200receives information from a client through network interface 210,acknowledgement module 220 may transmit an acknowledgement of receipt(ACK) to the client sending the information. For example, if a clientsends information concerning a change in game state data to host 200,acknowledgement module 220 may transmit an ACK reply to the transmittingclient indicating that information was received. The ACK reply sent byacknowledgement module 220 may further include an indication of whatinformation was received and how much of that information was receivedand/or if any of that information was corrupted or otherwise incomplete.

Non-receipt of an ACK with respect to a particular data transmission bythe transmitting client may indicate that the data transmission wasnever received by the host 200. Non-receipt of the data transmission (ora portion thereof) by the host 200 may indicate a problem with theconnection between the host 200 and the client that sent the datatransmission or the host 200 in and of itself. If a particular number ofdata transmissions fail to receive an ACK reply from the host 200, thetransmitting client may invoke a migration operation whereby some or allof the host functionalities are migrated to a backup host.

Negotiation module 230 negotiates the backup viability of a client basedon a variety of parameters. For example, a viable backup host/clientcandidate may be required to have a certain amount of availablebandwidth. The bandwidth of the client may need to be sufficient toallow the client to manage all the data in the network session. Backupviability may require that the client conform to various quality ofservice standards as they relate to, for example, ping rate, packetloss, available memory, processor speed, and the like.

Negotiation module 230 may further determine whether the clientcandidate is capable of connecting to each of the other clients in thenetwork. A viable backup host may need to be able to connect to andreceive information from each of the other clients in the network. Theparameters for backup viability may be determined by the type of networksession. For example, a particular gaming network session may require acertain amount of bandwidth and processor speed for backup viability dueto the number of state changes that may occur in the game environment.Less complex transactions, such as simple file transfers, may requireless bandwidth and/or processing power.

Negotiation module 230 may be configured to negotiate backup viabilitywith multiple clients thereby resulting in a series of backup hosts.Alternatively, the negotiation module 230 may be configured to allocatebackup responsibilities for particular tasks amongst a group of clients.By providing for a series of backup hosts, hosting duties may migrateseamlessly from a host to a first backup host to a second backup hostand so on as network or host/client conditions warrant. An order ofbackup host responsibilities and/or the particular responsibilities maybe assigned based on the order in which the clients connected to thehost. Alternatively, order and/or responsibilities may be based on otherfactors such as bandwidth or quality of service.

Host information database 240 may store information concerning the host,the clients, or the network session. The information stored in hostinformation database 240 may allow for a computing device to performcertain hosting duties, such as connecting to the other clients in thenetwork session. Such host information may include the network name, theInternet protocol (IP) addresses of the clients in the network, andfirewall information. Host information database 240 may be updated whenevents such as a client disconnecting from the network or a new clientjoining the network occur. The IP addresses of the new clients would,for example, need to be added to the host information database 240.

Operating in conjunction with host information database 240, backupapplication module 250 generates an application that may be downloaded,installed, and executed on the client. This application provides aclient with certain operational functionality that may be required ofthe client in order for it to serve as a backup host in addition tosatisfying underlying viability requirements. The application mayconfigure the client for connecting to and for exchanging data withother clients in the network session.

Optional polling module 260 may be configured to poll all the clients ina network session. Polling module 260 may be used to poll clients forconnectivity. Polling for connectivity may include sending small packetsof data to each client in the network session, receivingreplies/acknowledgments from clients that have received the datapackets, and determining which clients have problems communicating withthe host 200.

Polling module 260 may automatically poll clients at periodic intervals.Polling module 260 may also be configured to poll clients when certainevents occur, such as a new client joining the network session or anindication of interrupted communication (e.g., a client does notacknowledge data sent by host 200). The polling operation of pollingmodule 260 may be akin to a periodic heartbeat like that described inU.S. patent publication number 2003-0204566 for a “Multi-UserApplication Program Interface,” the disclosure of which has previouslybeen incorporated by reference.

Host 200 may also include a timer 270. Timer 270 may be configured tomeasure how much time has elapsed after an event. Host 200 may use timer270 to determine the time between a data transmission like thatgenerated by polling module 260 and acknowledgement of that datatransmission. Such information may be used to determine whether toterminate a connection to a particular client. If host 200 receives noacknowledgment or no poll response from a particular client for a periodof time, as measured by timer 270, host 200 may terminate the connectionwith that client.

The application generated by the backup application module 250 mayfurther include certain functionality similar to that of polling module260 and timer 270. Unlike the host 200 that may be seeking to determinewhether to eject a particular client from the network session, this‘heartbeat’ functionality may be used by a client designated as a backuphost to determine when the host 200 is no longer capable or hascontinuously failed to fulfill certain host duties. The inability orfailure of a host 200 to fulfill certain duties may be indicated by acontinued lack of receipt of an ACK or heartbeat as may be generated byacknowledgment module 220.

The host 200 may also include a NAT module 280. Execution of the NATmodule 280 may allow for the collection, sharing and receipt of NATprofile information. Execution of the NAT module 280 may similarly allowfor a determination as to a most viable host in a network utilizing NATprofile information. NAT profile information may be stored in memory, adedicated database, or other database such as host information database240.

Host 200 (and any number of clients) may reside behind a network addresstranslator, which translates an internal IP address to a public IPaddress for a particular computing device. The public IP address is thataddress seen by other computing devices in a network. In someembodiments, host 200 or other computing device may incorporate thenetwork address translator. In some networks, however, a NAT may not beused at all. NAT profile information may include information about thetype of NAT (if any) in use, the ability of the NAT to engage inuniversal plug and play (UPnP), the NAT's ability to maintain portpreservation, and the NAT's port predictability.

In some instances, host 200 (or other computing devices in the network)may apply a supplemental arbitration filter based on additionalinformation such as quality of service information, to arbitrate adetermination of the host device from among two or more equally likelycandidate devices. Quality of service information may include factorssuch as the client's ping time, bandwidth behavior, geography, latency,IP provider, and so forth. Such additional information may also bestored in the memory or databases (dedicated or otherwise).

FIG. 3A illustrates an implementation of an exemplary system 300 fornetwork data distribution, which may include a network addresstranslator (not shown). Host 200 is connected to a plurality of clients310A-D. Client 310A has successfully negotiated backup viability withhost 200 and received host information through connection 320. Using thehost information, client 310A connects to the other clients in thenetwork, namely, clients 310B-D. Connections 330 allow for clients310B-D to communicate directly (i.e., not through host 200) with client310A. Clients 310B-D may use the connections 330 to exchange data withclient 310A if each respective client has difficulty transmitting thatdata to the host 200. Clients 310B-D may also transmit data to client310A automatically, irrespective of any difficulties with datatransmissions to the host 200.

FIG. 3B illustrates an alternate implementation of an exemplary systemfor network data distribution, which may include a network addresstranslator (not shown). In particular, FIG. 3B illustrates an exemplarysystem for network data distribution where communications between a host200 and a client 310D are interrupted. Specifically, the illustrateddata transmission 340 between host 200 and client 310D is shown as beingunsuccessful. While client 310D is attempting to send data transmission340 to the host 200, a faulty connection prevents the transmission fromever being received by the host 200.

Because client 310A is a backup host for the network session, client310D can send the same data intended for the host 200 in a backup datatransmission 350 directly to client 310A (i.e., not through host 200).Client 310A may then send that data in a data transmission 360 to thehost 200. Client 310A, in this particular embodiment, acts as a proxybetween client 310D and host 200 due to the faulty connection separatingclient 310D and host 200. Host 200 may then distribute the data fromclient 310D to clients 310B and 310C albeit received via client 310A.Alternatively, client 310A may send the data to clients 310B or 310C if,for example, host 200 was unable to maintain host duties versus theconnection between client 310D and host 200 simply being defective.

Because communications between the host 200 and client 310D has beendisrupted, client 310D may need to obtain session data through client310A. Client 310A may act as an intermediary for both the receipt andtransmission of data with respect to host 200 and client 310D inaddition to making requests for data on the behalf of either computingdevice.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart depicting an exemplary method 400 for network datadistribution, which may include the use of NAT profile information. Thesteps identified in FIG. 4 (and the order thereof) are exemplary and mayinclude various alternatives, equivalents, or derivations thereofincluding but not limited to the order of execution of the same. Thesteps of the process of FIG. 4 (and its various alternatives) may beembodied in hardware or software including a machine-readable orcomputer-readable storage medium (e.g., optical disc, memory card, orhard drive) including instructions executable by a processor.

In step 410, a host (e.g., host 200) establishes a network session. Thehost may set certain parameters for who may join the network session, aswell as various aspects of how the network session will proceed. A hostmay establish a private network session that only certain clients orinvited clients may join. Alternatively, the host may establish anetwork session that is open to the public and any client may join.

In step 420, multiple clients join the network session by connecting tothe host. If the host has set certain parameters concerning who may jointhe network session, the clients may need to satisfy those parametersbefore being allowed to connect the host or to participate in thenetwork session.

In step 430, backup viability is negotiated via the negotiation module220 of FIG. 2. One or more clients may be viable backup hosts with thecapacity and resources to serve as a backup hosts. Backup viability maybe negotiated as soon as a client joins the network session. Variousaspects of backup viability, including bandwidth and quality of service,may be evaluated to determine whether a particular client is capable ofserving as a backup host. NAT profile information may likewise beconsidered. Depending on the requirements of negotiation module 220,there may be one, more than one, or no viable backup hosts among theclients in the network session. Backup responsibilities may also bedistributed.

In step 440, backup responsibility is allocated. Where there aremultiple clients that are viable backup hosts, backup responsibility mayneed to be allocated among those clients with respect to order and/orparticular responsibilities. Clients in the network session may transmittheir data to the first viable backup host as may have been identifiedby the host or the first deemed backup through a broadcast or othercommunication as exemplified in U.S. patent publication number2003-0217135 for “Dynamic Player Management,” the disclosure of whichhas previously been incorporated by reference. If the first viablebackup host is or becomes incapable of serving as a backup host, theother clients may transmit their data to the second viable backup hostto join the network session. The need to communicate with a secondarybackup host may be indicated utilizing means as disclosed herein and/orthe aforementioned “Dynamic Player Management” application.

In step 450, it is determined whether a particular client can connect toeach of the other clients in the network session. A backup host needs tobe able to connect to each and every other client in the session. If afirst client cannot connect to a second client, that first client cannotserve as a backup host for the network session. For example, the firstclient may have firewall issues that would prevent the first client frommaking certain types of connections. If a potential backup host cannotconnect to another client for any reason, the method may return to step440 and re-allocate backup responsibility.

Once it has been determined that a client is a viable backup host andcan connect to all of the other clients in the network session, themethod proceeds to step 460. In step 460, backup information isdownloaded to a viable backup host. By providing the backup informationto a backup host, the host can drop out of the network, and the backuphost is capable of providing any information required by the otherclients in the network session. Backup information may be provided as apart of the download and installation of an application facilitatingseamless host transitions as discussed in the context of backupapplication module 250 of FIG. 2.

In step 470, network data distribution may commence. As illustrated inFIG. 3A, the data transmissions may occur between a host and a client.As FIG. 3B further illustrates, data transmission may also occur betweentwo clients, from a client with host connectivity issues to a clientcapable of acting as a backup host. Further, that backup host mayforward that data on to the host or directly to the other clients uponrequest. Through whatever connection(s) the data must be relayed, thedata is provided to those computing devices that require that data.

While the present invention has been described with reference toexemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the artthat various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted forelements thereof without departing from the true spirit and scope of thepresent invention. In addition, modifications may be made withoutdeparting from the essential teachings of the present invention. Variousalternative systems may be utilized to implement the variousmethodologies described herein and various methods may be used toachieve certain results from the aforementioned systems.

1. A method for maintaining network data distribution, comprising:establishing connections between a host and a plurality of clients,wherein data exchanged between the host and each of the plurality ofclients is acknowledged upon receipt; determining backup viability of afirst client from the plurality of clients based on at least NetworkAddress Translation (NAT) profile information shared between the hostand the plurality of clients upon establishment of the connectionsbetween the host and the plurality of clients; and transmitting hostinformation to the first client, wherein the first client establishesconnections to all other clients from the plurality of clients based onat least the host information, and the first client receives data from asecond client from the plurality of clients if communication between thehost and the second client is interrupted.
 2. The method of claim 1,further comprising collecting NAT profile information via a STUN serverprior to sharing the NAT profile information between the host and theplurality of clients.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the NAT profileinformation is shared between the host and the plurality of clientsutilizing a client-server configuration.
 4. The method of claim 1,wherein the NAT profile information is shared between the host and theplurality of clients utilizing a peer-to-peer configuration.
 5. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising assigning a priority value to eachof the clients from the plurality of clients using the NAT profileinformation, and wherein determining backup viability of the firstclient from the plurality of clients based on at least NAT profileinformation includes use of the priority value.
 6. The method of claim5, further comprising resolving a priority dispute when the first clienthas a priority value equal to the priority value assigned to anotherclient from the plurality of clients.
 7. The method of claim 6, whereinresolving the priority dispute includes reference to a higher ordinalvalue of the first client versus an ordinal value assigned to the otherclient from the plurality of clients, the ordinal value havingpreviously been assigned to each of the plurality of clients.
 8. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the NAT profile information for each of theplurality of clients includes a NAT type, and wherein determining backupviability of the first client from the plurality of clients based on atleast NAT profile information includes use of the NAT type.
 9. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the NAT profile information for each of theplurality of clients includes information regarding whether the NATsupports universal plug and play (UPnP), and wherein determining backupviability of the first client from the plurality of clients based on atleast NAT profile information includes use of the information regardingwhether the NAT supports UPnP.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein theNAT profile information for each of the plurality of clients includesinformation regarding port predictability information for the NAT, andwherein determining backup viability of the first client from theplurality of clients based on at least NAT profile information includesuse of the port predictability information.
 11. The method of claim 1,wherein the NAT profile information for each of the plurality of clientsincludes information regarding port preservation information for theNAT, and wherein determining backup viability of the first client fromthe plurality of clients based on at least NAT profile informationincludes use of the port preservation information.
 12. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the interrupted communication is identified by a lackof acknowledgement from the host to the second client within an amountof time after the second client transmits data to the host.
 13. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising polling the plurality of clientsto determine connectivity between the host and each of the plurality ofclients.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the interruptedcommunication is indicated by results of the polling.
 15. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising sending an indication from the host to eachof the plurality of clients concerning the interrupted communication.16. The method of claim 1, further comprising terminating a connectionbetween the host and the second client based on the interruptedcommunication.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein negotiating the backupviability of the first client comprises determining a bandwidth of thefirst client.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein negotiating the backupviability of the first client further comprises determining whether thefirst client is capable of connecting to each of the other clients fromthe plurality of clients.
 19. The method of claim 1, whereintransmitting host information to the first client comprises transmittingan application providing the host information.
 20. The method of claim1, further comprising determining backup viability of a third clientfrom the plurality of clients based on at least NAT profile informationshared between the host and the plurality of clients upon establishmentof the connections between the host and the plurality of clients; andtransmitting host information to the third client such that the thirdclient connects to all other clients from the plurality of clients basedon at least the host information and the NAT profile information, andthe third client receives data from the second client if communicationbetween the first client and the second client is interrupted.
 21. Themethod of claim 20, wherein the second client is further configured totransmit the data to the first client before transmitting the data tothe third client based on at least an order in which a connection wasestablished with the host.
 22. The method of claim 20, wherein thesecond client is further configured to transmit the data to the firstclient before transmitting the data to the third client based on atleast bandwidth of the first client and bandwidth of the third client.23. A system for maintaining network data distribution, comprising: ahost configured to connect to a plurality of clients, wherein the hostreceives and acknowledges the receipt of data from each of the pluralityof clients; a first client configured to receive host information,wherein the first client connects to all other clients from theplurality of clients based on at least Network Address Translation (NAT)profile information shared between the host and the plurality of clientsupon establishment of connections between the host and the plurality ofclients, and wherein the host is further configured to negotiate backupviability of the first client; and a second client configured totransmit data to the first client if communication between the host andthe second client is interrupted.
 24. The system of claim 23, whereinthe interrupted communication is indicated by a lack of acknowledgementfrom the host within an amount of time after the second client transmitsthe data to the host.
 25. The system of claim 23, wherein the secondclient is further configured to re-transmit the data to the host. 26.The system of claim 23, wherein the second client is further configuredto notify each of the plurality of clients concerning the interruptedcommunication between the host and the second client.
 27. The system ofclaim 23, wherein the second client is further configured to terminate aconnection between the host and the second client.
 28. The system ofclaim 23, wherein the host is further configured to poll the pluralityof clients concerning connectivity.
 29. The system of claim 23, whereinthe host is further configured to notify each of the plurality ofclients concerning the interrupted communication between the host andthe second client.
 30. The system of claim 29, wherein the host isfurther configured to terminate a connection between the host and thesecond client.
 31. The system of claim 23, wherein the host furthernegotiates backup viability based on a bandwidth of the first client.32. The system of claim 23, wherein the host further negotiates backupviability based on whether the first client is capable of connecting toeach of the other clients from the plurality of clients.
 33. The systemof claim 23, wherein the host is further configured to transmit the hostinformation to the first client.
 34. The system of claim 33, wherein thehost transmits the host information by transmitting an applicationconfigured to provide information concerning each of the other clientsfrom the plurality of clients.
 35. The system of claim 23, wherein athird client from the plurality of clients is configured to receive hostinformation, such that the third client connects to all other clientsfrom the plurality of clients based on at least the NAT profileinformation shared between the host and the plurality of clients uponestablishment of connections between the host and the plurality ofclients.
 36. The system of claim 35, wherein the second client isfurther configured to transmit data to the third client if communicationbetween the first client and the second client is interrupted.
 37. Acomputing device for maintaining data distribution in networks,comprising: an acknowledgement module configured to transmit a replyacknowledging data received from a client; a negotiation moduleconfigured to negotiate backup viability of a first client based atleast on shared Network Address Translation (NAT) profile information;and a backup application module configured to transmit an applicationproviding host information to the first client, such that the firstclient connects to all other clients from the plurality of clients basedon at least the NAT profile information and receives data from a secondclient.
 38. A computer-readable storage medium having embodied thereon aprogram, the program being executable by a processor to perform a methodfor group messaging comprising: connecting a host to a plurality ofclients, such that data exchanged between the host and each of theplurality of clients is acknowledged upon receipt; determining backupviability of a first client from the plurality of clients based on atleast Network Address Translation (NAT) profile information sharedbetween the host and the plurality of clients upon establishment of theconnections between the host and the plurality of clients; andtransmitting host information to the first client, such that the firstclient connects to all other clients from the plurality of clients basedon at least the host information and the first client receives data froma second client from the plurality of clients.
 39. The computer-readablestorage medium of claim 38, wherein the program further comprisesexecutable instructions for terminating a connection between the hostand the second client.